UEA-Prodem
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---
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name: validators
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description: >
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Configure input and output validation with .input() and .output() using Zod,
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Yup, Superstruct, ArkType, Valibot, Effect, or custom validator functions.
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Chain multiple .input() calls to merge object schemas. Standard Schema protocol
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support. Output validation returns INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR on failure.
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type: core
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library: trpc
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library_version: '11.16.0'
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requires:
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- server-setup
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sources:
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- 'trpc/trpc:www/docs/server/validators.md'
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- 'trpc/trpc:packages/server/src/unstable-core-do-not-import/parser.ts'
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---
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# tRPC -- Validators
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## Setup
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```ts
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// server/trpc.ts
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import { initTRPC } from '@trpc/server';
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const t = initTRPC.create();
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export const router = t.router;
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export const publicProcedure = t.procedure;
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```
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```ts
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// server/appRouter.ts
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import { z } from 'zod';
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import { publicProcedure, router } from './trpc';
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export const appRouter = router({
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hello: publicProcedure
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.input(z.object({ name: z.string() }))
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.output(z.object({ greeting: z.string() }))
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.query(({ input }) => {
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return { greeting: `hello ${input.name}` };
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}),
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});
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export type AppRouter = typeof appRouter;
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```
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## Core Patterns
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### Input validation with Zod
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```ts
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import { z } from 'zod';
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import { publicProcedure, router } from './trpc';
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export const appRouter = router({
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userById: publicProcedure.input(z.string()).query(({ input }) => {
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return { id: input, name: 'Katt' };
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}),
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userCreate: publicProcedure
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.input(z.object({ name: z.string(), email: z.string().email() }))
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.mutation(({ input }) => {
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return { id: '1', ...input };
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}),
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});
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```
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### Input chaining to merge object schemas
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```ts
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import { initTRPC } from '@trpc/server';
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import { z } from 'zod';
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const t = initTRPC.create();
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const baseProcedure = t.procedure
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.input(z.object({ townName: z.string() }))
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.use((opts) => {
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console.log(`Request from: ${opts.input.townName}`);
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return opts.next();
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});
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export const appRouter = t.router({
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hello: baseProcedure
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.input(z.object({ name: z.string() }))
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.query(({ input }) => {
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return { greeting: `Hello ${input.name}, from ${input.townName}` };
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}),
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});
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```
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Multiple `.input()` calls merge object properties; the final input type is `{ townName: string; name: string }`.
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### Output validation
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```ts
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import { z } from 'zod';
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import { publicProcedure, router } from './trpc';
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export const appRouter = router({
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hello: publicProcedure
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.output(z.object({ greeting: z.string() }))
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.query(() => {
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return { greeting: 'hello world' };
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}),
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});
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```
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Output validation catches mismatches between your return type and the expected shape, useful for untrusted data sources.
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### Custom validator function (no library)
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```ts
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import { initTRPC } from '@trpc/server';
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const t = initTRPC.create();
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export const appRouter = t.router({
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hello: t.procedure
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.input((value): string => {
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if (typeof value === 'string') return value;
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throw new Error('Input is not a string');
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})
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.output((value): string => {
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if (typeof value === 'string') return value;
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throw new Error('Output is not a string');
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})
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.query(({ input }) => {
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return `hello ${input}`;
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}),
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});
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```
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## Common Mistakes
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### [MEDIUM] Chaining non-object inputs
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Wrong:
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```ts
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import { z } from 'zod';
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import { publicProcedure } from './trpc';
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const proc = publicProcedure.input(z.string()).input(z.number());
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```
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Correct:
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```ts
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import { z } from 'zod';
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import { publicProcedure } from './trpc';
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const proc = publicProcedure
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.input(z.object({ name: z.string() }))
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.input(z.object({ age: z.number() }));
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```
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Multiple `.input()` calls merge object properties; non-object schemas (string, number, array) cannot be merged and produce type errors.
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Source: www/docs/server/validators.md
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### [MEDIUM] Output validation failure returns 500
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Wrong:
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```ts
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import { z } from 'zod';
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import { publicProcedure } from './trpc';
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const proc = publicProcedure
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.output(z.object({ id: z.string() }))
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.query(() => ({ id: 123 }));
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```
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Correct:
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```ts
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import { z } from 'zod';
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import { publicProcedure } from './trpc';
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const proc = publicProcedure
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.output(z.object({ id: z.string() }))
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.query(() => ({ id: '123' }));
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```
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If `.output()` validation fails, tRPC returns INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR (500), not BAD_REQUEST, because the server produced invalid data.
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Source: www/docs/server/validators.md
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### [HIGH] Using cursor: z.optional() without nullable for infinite queries
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Wrong:
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```ts
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import { z } from 'zod';
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import { publicProcedure } from './trpc';
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const proc = publicProcedure
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.input(z.object({ cursor: z.string().optional() }))
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.query(({ input }) => {
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return { items: [], nextCursor: input.cursor };
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});
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```
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Correct:
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```ts
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import { z } from 'zod';
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import { publicProcedure } from './trpc';
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const proc = publicProcedure
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.input(z.object({ cursor: z.string().nullish() }))
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.query(({ input }) => {
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return { items: [], nextCursor: input.cursor };
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});
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```
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React Query internally passes `cursor: undefined` during invalidation refetch; using `.optional()` without `.nullable()` can fail validation. Use `.nullish()` instead.
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Source: https://github.com/trpc/trpc/issues/6862
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## See Also
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- `server-setup` -- initTRPC, routers, procedures
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- `error-handling` -- how validation errors surface as BAD_REQUEST
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- `error-handling` -- errorFormatter to expose Zod field errors
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- `middlewares` -- use input chaining with middleware base procedures
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